Installation

• Install the well in a location well away from water flow. Dig or drill the well away from streams and rivers, especially in flood-prone areas, to reduce the risk of contamination in the event of a flood. Likewise, locate the well away from rainwater flow on the land. Runoff from roads and gardening can introduce toxins into drinking water. Choose a location where the land slopes away from the well.
  
  

Testing

• Test well water annually for the presence of nitrate and coliform bacteria. Agricultural runoff is a common source of these contaminants. The EPA has identified agricultural runoff as the primary source of water pollution. If the well is located downstream of agricultural lands, test the well water more frequently. Test the water prior to first-time use.
  
  Test the well water immediately if you detect any difference in taste, appearance or odor. Testing after a flood event is also recommended.
  
  

Maintenance

• Hire a certified water well contractor to do a routine check-up on the residential well at least once a year. A certified contractor can test and identify other issues as part of routine maintenance. Check the water flow to determine the system's output. Inspect the mechanical set-up including the pump motor. Make sure the well meets code requirements.
  
  Inspect the area around the well occasionally. Check the well cover or well cap for damage and to make sure it is securely attached. Examine around the area of the well for any potential hazards.
  
  

Prevention

• Avoid using pesticides or fertilizers in the vicinity of the well. These contaminants can potentially percolate down to ground water resources. Maintain an area of at least 50 feet around the well contaminant-free. Do not introduce any chemicals into the contaminant-free zone.
  
  Consider installing a home water treatment device if testing revealed any issues with odor, taste or chemicals. For example, if arsenic or nitrates were detected, a reverse osmosis system can reduce levels of these contaminants in well water.