BALANCING NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS AND MANURE ODOR MANAGEMENT IN GROWING COBB BROILERS
BALANCING NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS AND MANURE ODOR MANAGEMENT IN GROWING COBB BROILERS.
By Raymond J. Sucgang
RJ Sucgang Center for Research in the Natural Sciences, Napti, Batan, Aklan
In cooperation with the
Chemists and Educators Support for the Advancement of Research and Science Education,
CESARSED, Inc
Email: cesarsed2002@yahoo.com, cesarsed2002@gmail.com
All over the world, rising operational costs, as well as costs of managing poultry manure disposal , and other expenses are facing investors in the poultry industry. One of the key components to lowering air and water pollution from manure is reducing surfeit protein in the animal diet. Usually, most commercial feeds are designed to meet all of the birds nutrient requirements with feed as the sole source of nutrients. Reducing the amount of protein in the diet may make the birds grow less, unhealthy or pick up and eat their feathers in an effort to offset nutrient shortages. A feeding program designed to avoid over-supplying nitrogen and phosphorus in the diet, but at the same time, guaranteeing that all animals are supplied with sufficient amounts of each needed nutrient is imperative in the development of environmentally sustainable, socially acceptable and economically viable poultry nutrition and odor and manure management schemes.
Our study sought to assess the responses of broilers to low crude protein diet with synthetic amino acid supplementation. The focus was to determine whether a diet with very low crude protein save for amino acid supplementation, can be utilized as replacement for commercial feed formulations. A feeding program was designed for five hundred experimental single comb, colored Cobb broilers, using a low protein feedstuff but supplemented with isoleucine, leucine, glycine, histidine, methionine, cystein, tyrosine, lysine, phenylalanine , threonine , and tryptophan amino acids. A control group was fed with a three phase feeding program using commercial feeds (starter 1-15 days; grower 16-28 days; and finisher at 29-40 days). The parameters measured were: average daily weight gain, food conversion ratio, thigh base weight, and serum proteins. In this study, total serum protein has been used as an index of visceral protein status.
Five hundred day-old single comb colored Cobb chicks were purchased from a commercial hatchery and were fed with commercial diet/experimental diet and distilled water ad libitum for 40 days. They were randomly distributed to two environmentally controlled chambers ( 250 chicks per chamber).One chamber was assigned as the "Commercial Feed Group" chamber while the other was assigned to be the "Assay Diet Group" chamber. The pens were designed to be 10 feet above the ground in order to isolate the birds from microbial and viral outbreaks and predators, and for easy management of excreta. Out of the 250 experimental birds, 25 were chosen randomly per group and were legbanded. Ambient temperature was maintained at 33*C at the start of the experimentation until the end of the 40 day period. Feed intake was monitored as well as daily weight gain of the legbanded birds. On the 40th day the birds were euthanized by decapitation. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of the selected birds. Serum protein from the legbanded representative broilers were analyzed; the thighbones were excised for measurement of the ash content. The whole experiment was repeated three more times with five hundred heads per experimental batch, which makes a total of two thousand heads taken as subjects (one thousand per experimental group).
The principal aim of the study was to check if birds maintained at low protein diet save for amino acid supplementation, will experience protein malnutrition. One of the first organ to be affected by protein malnutrition is the liver which is the main organ for protein synthesis. Total serum protein is only significantly depleted when signs of protein malnutrition is apparent. In this study, the serum proteins were alike in the test and conventional diet groups. The same averages of 5g/dL were obtained for both the control and experimental groups. This serum protein concentration of 5 g/dL does not indicate protein deficiency since the value is not depleted; otherwise, the limited supply of proteins will cause a decrease in serum protein concentration.
There was no statistical difference between average weight gain per day of birds fed with the test diets (4.7g/d) and those fed with commercial feed formulations (4.6 g/d). The final weights after 40 days were statistically identical in the two groups, and the fowls can be regarded as "marketable" in terms of both size and weight. More feeds to generate a kilogram of meat were required from the experimental feeding (2.1 kg feed/kg meat) compared to the conventional feeding norms (1.8 kg/kg meat). A statistical difference exists between the thigh ash weights of the experimental feeding group (16 ± 0.04) and the birds in the commercial diet (12 ± 0.04). If size and volume are to be the criteria for marketability, the feeding practice of lowering the amount of crude protein in the diet save for supplementation with synthetic amino acids, can be considered efficient, and on a par with the conventional approach of poultry management using commercial feeds. The study was able to demonstrate that poultry management employing very low crude protein diets supplemented with amino acids can significantly reduce manure nitrogen emissions, without compromising broiler health and economic productivity. The investigation was able to come up with a feeding program for the poultry industry, using a low protein feed stuff which is designed to meet all of the birds nutrient requirements.
By Raymond J. Sucgang
RJ Sucgang Center for Research in the Natural Sciences, Napti, Batan, Aklan
In cooperation with the
Chemists and Educators Support for the Advancement of Research and Science Education,
CESARSED, Inc
Email: cesarsed2002@yahoo.com, cesarsed2002@gmail.com
All over the world, rising operational costs, as well as costs of managing poultry manure disposal , and other expenses are facing investors in the poultry industry. One of the key components to lowering air and water pollution from manure is reducing surfeit protein in the animal diet. Usually, most commercial feeds are designed to meet all of the birds nutrient requirements with feed as the sole source of nutrients. Reducing the amount of protein in the diet may make the birds grow less, unhealthy or pick up and eat their feathers in an effort to offset nutrient shortages. A feeding program designed to avoid over-supplying nitrogen and phosphorus in the diet, but at the same time, guaranteeing that all animals are supplied with sufficient amounts of each needed nutrient is imperative in the development of environmentally sustainable, socially acceptable and economically viable poultry nutrition and odor and manure management schemes.
Our study sought to assess the responses of broilers to low crude protein diet with synthetic amino acid supplementation. The focus was to determine whether a diet with very low crude protein save for amino acid supplementation, can be utilized as replacement for commercial feed formulations. A feeding program was designed for five hundred experimental single comb, colored Cobb broilers, using a low protein feedstuff but supplemented with isoleucine, leucine, glycine, histidine, methionine, cystein, tyrosine, lysine, phenylalanine , threonine , and tryptophan amino acids. A control group was fed with a three phase feeding program using commercial feeds (starter 1-15 days; grower 16-28 days; and finisher at 29-40 days). The parameters measured were: average daily weight gain, food conversion ratio, thigh base weight, and serum proteins. In this study, total serum protein has been used as an index of visceral protein status.
Five hundred day-old single comb colored Cobb chicks were purchased from a commercial hatchery and were fed with commercial diet/experimental diet and distilled water ad libitum for 40 days. They were randomly distributed to two environmentally controlled chambers ( 250 chicks per chamber).One chamber was assigned as the "Commercial Feed Group" chamber while the other was assigned to be the "Assay Diet Group" chamber. The pens were designed to be 10 feet above the ground in order to isolate the birds from microbial and viral outbreaks and predators, and for easy management of excreta. Out of the 250 experimental birds, 25 were chosen randomly per group and were legbanded. Ambient temperature was maintained at 33*C at the start of the experimentation until the end of the 40 day period. Feed intake was monitored as well as daily weight gain of the legbanded birds. On the 40th day the birds were euthanized by decapitation. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of the selected birds. Serum protein from the legbanded representative broilers were analyzed; the thighbones were excised for measurement of the ash content. The whole experiment was repeated three more times with five hundred heads per experimental batch, which makes a total of two thousand heads taken as subjects (one thousand per experimental group).
The principal aim of the study was to check if birds maintained at low protein diet save for amino acid supplementation, will experience protein malnutrition. One of the first organ to be affected by protein malnutrition is the liver which is the main organ for protein synthesis. Total serum protein is only significantly depleted when signs of protein malnutrition is apparent. In this study, the serum proteins were alike in the test and conventional diet groups. The same averages of 5g/dL were obtained for both the control and experimental groups. This serum protein concentration of 5 g/dL does not indicate protein deficiency since the value is not depleted; otherwise, the limited supply of proteins will cause a decrease in serum protein concentration.
There was no statistical difference between average weight gain per day of birds fed with the test diets (4.7g/d) and those fed with commercial feed formulations (4.6 g/d). The final weights after 40 days were statistically identical in the two groups, and the fowls can be regarded as "marketable" in terms of both size and weight. More feeds to generate a kilogram of meat were required from the experimental feeding (2.1 kg feed/kg meat) compared to the conventional feeding norms (1.8 kg/kg meat). A statistical difference exists between the thigh ash weights of the experimental feeding group (16 ± 0.04) and the birds in the commercial diet (12 ± 0.04). If size and volume are to be the criteria for marketability, the feeding practice of lowering the amount of crude protein in the diet save for supplementation with synthetic amino acids, can be considered efficient, and on a par with the conventional approach of poultry management using commercial feeds. The study was able to demonstrate that poultry management employing very low crude protein diets supplemented with amino acids can significantly reduce manure nitrogen emissions, without compromising broiler health and economic productivity. The investigation was able to come up with a feeding program for the poultry industry, using a low protein feed stuff which is designed to meet all of the birds nutrient requirements.
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