Hedge Apples and Humans

• The American Association of Poison Control Centers list hedge apples as nontoxic. For more straightforward fruits, this would be the end of the debate. However, hedge apples contain both sticky and irritating substances that can result in dermatitis. To further complicate matters, the isoflavones in the fruit have a phenolic character, similar to white willow, the precursor to aspirin. Phenolic compounds can cause severe stomach irritation, which might lead a person to believe he has eaten a poisonous fruit.
  
  

Hunter-Dunbar Expedition

• In 1804, William Dunbar and George Hunter were given the somewhat formidable task of exploring the Louisiana Purchase territory as scientists. They spent considerable time among the Osage tribes (Hunter spent most of his remaining years living among them). Hunter recorded lists of edible fruits, among which the Osage orange fruit appeared.
  
  

Hedge Apples and Livestock

• Before the invention of barbed wire, livestock on the American frontier were kept in pens surrounded by Osage orange hedges. The trees presumably dropped their fruit, but no mention of its toxicity in livestock appears in folklore. After barbed wire replaced hedges, rumors began to circulate that hedge apples were highly toxic to livestock, especially sheep. Several feeding studies have shown hedge apples to be safe for ruminant animals to consume.
  
  

Bloat, Not Poison

• It is believed that what is being confused for poisoning are actually the symptoms of animals choking on the sticky flesh of the Osage orange fruit. Cows choking on large pieces of hedge apple demonstrate excess salivation. The obstruction leads to bloat, which often results in death due to increased internal pressure. Because of the bitter flavor, however, livestock don't generally consume hedge apples unless food sources are scarce.